If you’re worried about frozen pipes causing leaks or flooding, I recommend checking out smart leak detectors like GoveeLife, Frizzlife LP365, X-Sense, Kidde, and YoLink. These devices detect leaks early, monitor temperature, and send alerts to prevent disaster. Many are waterproof, use long-range connectivity, and support multiple sensors for large areas. If you want to find the best options and how they fit your needs, keep exploring further.
Key Takeaways
- Choose detectors with ultrasonic or signal analysis tech for early detection of leaks caused by frozen pipes.
- Opt for waterproof sensors with high sensitivity and adjustable detection settings for accurate leak localization.
- Prioritize devices with real-time alerts via app, SMS, or alarms to enable prompt response before water damage occurs.
- Select models compatible with your home’s WiFi or LoRa network, ensuring reliable monitoring in cold, remote, or outdoor areas.
- Consider long-lasting battery life and easy installation to ensure continuous protection during freezing conditions.
GoveeLife Smart Water Leak Detector 3 Pack
If you’re looking for a reliable leak detector for large or remote properties, the GoveeLife Smart Water Leak Detector 3 Pack is an excellent choice. Its advanced Sub-1G long-range wireless technology connects up to 550 meters through walls, making it perfect for basements, garages, or outbuildings. The system includes a durable gateway and three waterproof sensors, powered by six AAA batteries with a five-year lifespan. With customizable alarms up to 105 dB, visual alerts, and multiple notification options like SMS and app alerts, it ensures you’re always informed. This setup provides peace of mind, especially in expansive or hard-to-monitor areas.
Best For: homeowners and property managers with large, remote, or multi-building properties seeking reliable water leak detection and long-range connectivity.
Pros:
- Advanced Sub-1G long-range wireless technology with up to 550 meters connectivity through walls.
- Durable waterproof sensors with IP67 rating, suitable for various environments and spills.
- Flexible notification options including SMS, email, app alerts, and audible alarms with adjustable volume.
Cons:
- Only supports 2.4G Wi-Fi, limiting compatibility with some networks.
- Requires six AAA batteries, which may need replacement after several years.
- The gateway’s maximum range may be affected by dense walls or interference in certain settings.
Frizzlife LP365 Smart Water Monitor and Automatic Shutoff
The Frizzlife LP365 Smart Water Monitor and Automatic Shutoff stands out because of its advanced ultrasonic leak detection, capable of sensing flow changes as small as 0.01 GPM. It provides real-time alerts via SMS, calls, and app notifications, automatically shutting off water to prevent damage. The device offers a “LEAK TEST” function for simulated leak detection, validated by third-party labs for reliability. Using the “Smart Life” app, I can remotely control the valve and monitor water flow, temperature, and pressure from anywhere. Its customizable settings help reduce false alarms, making it a smart choice for protecting frozen pipes and avoiding costly water damage.
Best For: homeowners seeking advanced leak detection and remote water management to prevent costly water damage and protect frozen pipes.
Pros:
- Ultrasonic micro leak detection senses flow changes as small as 0.01 GPM for high accuracy
- Real-time alerts via SMS, calls, and app notifications enable quick response
- Customizable settings reduce false alarms and support household-specific needs
Cons:
- Requires professional installation for optimal performance
- Needs to be plugged into power to maintain Wi-Fi connectivity and remote control capabilities
- Outdoor installation necessitates protective measures like wrapping to prevent temperature damage
X-Sense Wi-Fi Water Leak Detector Kit with App Alerts and 4 Sensors
Designed for homeowners seeking reliable peace of mind, the X-Sense Wi-Fi Water Leak Detector Kit offers a smart, proactive solution to detect leaks early and prevent costly damage. It includes four ultra-slim sensors and a base station that connects via Wi-Fi to the X-Sense Home Security App, providing remote alerts. The sensors detect even shallow water and drips, flashing a red LED and triggering a loud alarm. Batteries last up to three years, and the waterproof design guarantees durability in humid areas. With app controls and a range of up to 1,700 feet, this kit helps monitor multiple spaces, giving you peace of mind wherever you are.
Best For: homeowners seeking a reliable, easy-to-install water leak detection system with remote alerts and long-lasting batteries.
Pros:
- Ultra-slim design easily fits into tight spaces and various locations.
- App alerts and customizable alarm settings provide remote monitoring and control.
- Waterproof rating (IP67) ensures durability in humid and wet environments.
Cons:
- Compatible only with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi networks, limiting connectivity options.
- Batteries require replacement approximately every 3 years, which may be infrequent but still necessary.
- The base station’s alarm can be the only sound unless specific models are used, potentially limiting multi-room alerting without additional configurations.
Kidde WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Alarm with App Alerts
For homeowners seeking reliable, real-time alerts to prevent water damage and frozen pipes, the Kidde WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Alarm with App Alerts is an excellent choice. This smart device detects water leaks and freezing conditions, alerting you instantly via app notifications. It’s perfect for areas prone to leaks or freezing, like basements, garages, or under sinks. Its compact design fits easily in tight spaces, and powered by 2 AA batteries, it’s simple to install and replace. Compatible with smartphones, Alexa, and Google Home, setup is straightforward with the Kidde app. It also comes with a 1-year warranty, providing peace of mind.
Best For: homeowners seeking reliable, real-time alerts to prevent water damage and frozen pipes in areas like basements, garages, or under sinks.
Pros:
- Easy to install with simple setup via the Kidde app using QR code scanning
- Compatible with Amazon Alexa, Google Home, iPhone, and Android devices for convenient notifications
- Compact design fits well in tight spaces and monitors both leaks and freezing conditions effectively
Cons:
- Battery-powered, so batteries need regular replacement to ensure continued operation
- Limited to a 1-year warranty, which may require additional coverage for long-term peace of mind
- Does not include a built-in display or audible alerts, relying solely on app notifications
Water Leak Detection Device with Earphone for Home and Basement
If you want to detect water leaks early and prevent costly damage, the Water Leak Detection Device with Earphone is a smart choice. It uses ultrasonic sensors and sound intensifiers to identify even minor leaks quickly and precisely. Suitable for underground pipes, walls, and various household areas like basements, kitchens, and bathrooms, it transmits sounds directly to your earphone, making leak location straightforward. Its adjustable volume prevents discomfort, while easy operation allows anyone to monitor leaks efficiently. With high sensitivity and wireless sound amplification, this device helps you catch leaks early, minimize water damage, and save money on repairs.
Best For: homeowners, renters, and property managers seeking an easy and accurate way to detect water leaks early to prevent costly water damage.
Pros:
- High sensitivity ultrasonic sensors quickly identify even minor leaks, reducing potential damage.
- Wireless sound amplification with adjustable volume ensures comfortable and effective leak detection.
- Easy to operate, suitable for use in various household areas including underground pipes, walls, and basements.
Cons:
- Customer ratings are moderate at 3.9 out of 5 stars, indicating some users may experience limitations.
- Requires batteries (lithium pile), which need replacement over time.
- Limited information on advanced features or integration with other smart home systems.
Govee WiFi Water Leak Detectors (3 Pack)
The Govee WiFi Water Leak Detectors (3 Pack) stand out for their real-time alerts and ease of monitoring, making them ideal for anyone looking to protect multiple areas from water damage. They connect via 2.4G Wi-Fi and support up to 10 sensors, allowing extensive coverage. The system includes drip and leak detection with probes for backwater and front water sources, and sensors can be renamed in the app for quick identification. When leaks occur, you get instant email, app notifications, and a loud 100dB alarm. Plus, the setup is straightforward, and the mute function helps silence alarms once issues are resolved.
Best For: homeowners or property managers seeking comprehensive, real-time water leak detection across multiple areas with easy setup and customizable alerts.
Pros:
- Supports up to 10 sensors for extensive coverage.
- Includes multiple alert types: email, app notifications, and loud alarms.
- Easy to set up and rename sensors via the app for quick identification.
Cons:
- Only compatible with 2.4G Wi-Fi networks.
- Pairs exclusively with Govee H5054 sensors, limiting sensor options.
- Alarm volume may be too loud for certain environments or require frequent adjustments.
WiFi Water Leak Detector with App Notification and Gateway
Equipped with a 2.4GHz WiFi gateway and six WD61 sensors, this leak detector offers reliable, real-time alerts for potential water damage. Its detection range extends up to 328 feet, covering large areas like basements, kitchens, or laundry rooms. The device emits a loud 120dB alarm and sends instant notifications via the TUYA Smart App, compatible with iOS and Android. Installation is simple—no tools required—and the system is powered by batteries, making it easy to place anywhere. You can customize alerts, control volume, and expand your setup with additional sensors, ensuring you’re always informed about leaks before they turn into disasters.
Best For: homeowners and property managers seeking a reliable, easy-to-install water leak detection system with remote monitoring and instant alerts.
Pros:
- Supports up to 24 sensors for comprehensive coverage of large areas
- App notifications are free and customizable, ensuring timely alerts
- No tools required for installation, powered by batteries for flexible placement
Cons:
- Only supports 2.4GHz WiFi, no compatibility with 5GHz networks
- WD60 sensors are incompatible due to lack of WiFi/Bluetooth support
- Requires batteries, which need periodic replacement to maintain functionality
GoveeLife Smart Water Leak Detector 5-Pack
For those managing large properties or multiple critical areas, the GoveeLife Smart Water Leak Detector 5-Pack stands out thanks to its impressive long-range connectivity. Using advanced Sub-1G wireless tech, it offers a remarkable 550 meters (about 1,804 feet) of signal through five dense walls, making it ideal for expansive spaces like basements and garages. The system includes a gateway compatible only with 2.4G Wi-Fi and paired exclusively with GoveeLife sensors, ensuring reliable remote monitoring. With a 105 dB alarm, customizable alerts, and app notifications, it keeps you informed instantly. Its IP67 waterproof sensors are durable, easy to install, and boast a 5-year battery life, reducing maintenance worries.
Best For: homeowners and property managers of large properties or multiple critical areas seeking reliable long-range water leak detection and alerts.
Pros:
- Exceptional 550-meter (1,804-foot) long-range connectivity through multiple walls, suitable for expansive spaces
- Durable IP67 waterproof sensors with a 5-year battery life for low maintenance
- Multiple notification methods including SMS, email, app push alerts, and customizable alarm volume
Cons:
- Gateway supports only 2.4G Wi-Fi, limiting compatibility with certain networks
- Requires batteries (included) that must be replaced after several years, despite long battery life
- Limited to GoveeLife H5059 sensors, which may restrict sensor choice or expansion options
5 Pack Water Leak Detectors with Adjustable Audio Alarm
If you’re looking for a leak detector that provides clear alerts without relying on Wi-Fi or smartphone apps, a pack with adjustable audio alarms is ideal. These detectors feature four flood probes and a drip sensor, ensuring early detection of leaks in high-humidity areas like kitchens and basements. The 4-level volume control (up to 120dB) allows you to customize the alert loudness or mute it when needed. With a durable IP66 waterproof design and a lifespan of up to three years on batteries, this 5-pack offers reliable coverage and peace of mind. Plus, all-encompassing support and included accessories make installation straightforward and hassle-free.
Best For: homeowners and renters seeking reliable, easy-to-install water leak detection without reliance on Wi-Fi or smartphone apps.
Pros:
- No Wi-Fi or app required, providing straightforward alerts and independence from internet connectivity
- Adjustable volume up to 120dB with mute option, customizable for different environments
- IP66 waterproof rating ensures durability and reliable performance in high humidity areas like kitchens and basements
Cons:
- Cannot connect to Wi-Fi or smart home systems, limiting remote monitoring capabilities
- Requires battery replacements approximately every three years, which may need periodic maintenance
- Limited to standalone operation; not compatible with other smart security or home automation devices
Bewinner Underground Water Leak Detector with Digital Display
The Bewinner Underground Water Leak Detector with Digital Display stands out for its adjustable modes and external earphone sensor, making it ideal for professionals and homeowners alike who need precise leak detection in noisy environments. Its four adjustable settings allow you to tailor the detection process to different scenarios, while the external earphone sensor enhances listening accuracy, even amid background noise. The digital display indicates how close you are to the leak, with higher numbers meaning you’re nearer. Made from durable aluminum alloy and ABS, it’s sturdy and built to last. Easy to use and highly versatile, it’s a reliable tool for detecting leaks in household, municipal, or industrial plumbing systems.
Best For: homeowners, plumbers, and building inspectors seeking accurate underground water leak detection in noisy or challenging environments.
Pros:
- Adjustable modes for tailored leak detection in various scenarios
- External earphone sensor provides clear listening even in noisy settings
- Durable construction with aluminum alloy and ABS for long-lasting use
Cons:
- Customer reviews average only 3.7 stars, indicating mixed satisfaction
- No warranty or after-sales support included with purchase
- The product’s ranking suggests it is less widely recognized in the market
GoveeLife WiFi Water Leak Detector 2 (6 Pack)
The GoveeLife WiFi Water Leak Detector 2 (6-pack) stands out for its extensive open-air transmission range of nearly 2,000 feet, making it ideal for covering large areas like basements, sheds, or multiple water sources. It provides real-time alerts via app and email, even remotely, and integrates with Alexa for easy leak pinpointing. Equipped with high-sensitivity probes and an adjustable 100dB alarm, it detects leaks effectively in wet environments. With a waterproof IP66 rating and over five years of battery life, it’s perfect for long-term monitoring of critical spots like toilets, water heaters, or sump pumps. A reliable, scalable solution for preventing costly water damage.
Best For: homeowners and property managers seeking reliable, long-range water leak detection across large areas with remote alert capabilities.
Pros:
- Extensive open-air transmission range of nearly 2,000 feet for large property coverage
- Real-time app and email alerts enable immediate leak response, even remotely
- High-sensitivity probes with adjustable alarm volume ensure effective leak detection in damp environments
Cons:
- Requires 12 AAA batteries, which may need regular replacement over years of use
- Setup and mounting may be more complex due to the device’s size and sensor placement options
- Limited to WiFi and app control, lacking direct local alarm options without internet connectivity
YoLink Smart Home Starter Kit (SpeakerHub & Water Leak Sensor 4)
Looking for a reliable way to catch leaks early and prevent frozen pipe disasters? The YoLink Smart Home Starter Kit offers an easy setup with one SpeakerHub and three Water Leak Sensors. Place sensors near water-prone areas like water heaters or sump pumps, and enjoy real-time alerts via SMS, email, or app notifications. The sensors monitor leaks and temperatures, with a loud 105dB alarm for immediate awareness. Thanks to LoRa technology, the kit works well in challenging environments like basements or outdoor sheds, with a range of up to a quarter mile. With over five years of battery life, it’s a durable, long-term solution.
Best For: homeowners and property managers seeking a reliable, long-range water leak and freeze detection system to protect their properties from water damage and frozen pipes.
Pros:
- Easy, hassle-free setup with comprehensive sensor placement options near water-prone areas.
- Long-lasting batteries with over 5 years of operation, reducing maintenance.
- LoRa technology provides extensive range up to 1/4 mile, ideal for challenging environments like basements or outdoor sheds.
Cons:
- Requires a stable 2.4GHz WiFi connection for app integration and alerts.
- Limited free SMS notifications (5 per device, 20 total per month) may necessitate additional paid plans for high alert volume.
- Only compatible with smartphones, which may not suit all users preferring other notification methods.
YoLink Water Leak Detector 4 with Alarm and Alerts
If you’re searching for a reliable leak detector that can monitor outdoor or remote areas without relying on WiFi, the YoLink Water Leak Detector 4 stands out. It uses industrial-grade LoRa protocol to communicate securely with a hub, offering an impressive ¼ mile open air range that penetrates obstructions. Perfect for basements, sheds, or garages, it’s easy to install and waterproof with an IP66 rating. The device features a loud 105dB alarm, push notifications, and email alerts, plus a freeze warning sensor to prevent frozen pipe damage. With over two years of battery life and smart home compatibility, it’s a smart choice for leak prevention.
Best For: homeowners or property managers seeking a reliable, long-range water leak detector for outdoor, basement, shed, or garage use without relying on WiFi.
Pros:
- Industry-leading ¼ mile open air range with obstructions penetration for remote monitoring
- Waterproof IP66 rating and surface-mount design for indoor durability and easy installation
- Built-in freeze sensor and loud 105dB alarm for immediate alerts and freeze prevention
Cons:
- Requires a YoLink hub for full smart home integration (hub not included)
- Limited to indoor use in its waterproof design, despite outdoor capabilities via LoRa
- App-based control may depend on smartphone connectivity and app reliability
Govee WiFi Water Sensor 2 Pack, Smart Leak Detectors
For homeowners seeking reliable leak detection without complicated setups, the Govee WiFi Water Sensor 2 Pack offers a standout feature: real-time alerts via app notifications and email. These sensors support up to 10 devices with a dedicated WiFi gateway, though only on 2.4GHz networks. They detect leaks using two backwater probes and one front probe, with customizable names to quickly identify the leak source. The alarm can be adjusted to three volumes, including a powerful 100dB setting for basements, and can be muted when needed. Powered by four AAA batteries, these sensors are easy to install and provide instant alerts, helping prevent water damage before it happens.
Best For: homeowners and property managers seeking easy-to-install, reliable leak detection with instant alerts to prevent water damage.
Pros:
- Supports up to 10 sensors with a dedicated WiFi gateway for comprehensive coverage
- Customizable sensor naming for quick leak source identification
- Adjustable alarm volume, including a loud 100dB setting suitable for basements
Cons:
- Only compatible with 2.4GHz Wi-Fi networks, not 5GHz
- Requires four AAA batteries, which may need frequent replacement over time
- Limited to app and email notifications without advanced integration options
Underground Water Leak Detector with Adjustable 4 Gears Frequency
The Underground Water Leak Detector with Adjustable 4 Gears Frequency stands out for professionals who need precise leak detection in various environments. Its multi-function capabilities allow it to effectively locate leaks in outdoor water pipes, fire protection systems, indoor plumbing, and underground heating pipes. The device analyzes leakage signals to pinpoint the exact location, making it invaluable for plumbers, construction workers, and water supply experts. With four adjustable frequency settings from 200Hz to 3000Hz, it’s adaptable to different conditions. Its lightweight design, combined with headphones and a clear LCD display, ensures accurate, noise-free detection whether used indoors or outdoors.
Best For: plumbing professionals, construction workers, and water supply specialists seeking accurate leak detection in both indoor and outdoor environments.
Pros:
- Multi-function detection capabilities suitable for various pipe types and locations
- Adjustable frequency settings (200Hz to 3000Hz) for tailored detection in different conditions
- Compact, lightweight design with LCD display and headphones for easy, noise-free operation
Cons:
- Requires some technical knowledge to optimize frequency and sensitivity settings
- May have limited effectiveness in extremely noisy environments unless properly configured
- Battery life and power options are not specified, potentially affecting prolonged field use
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Smart Leak Detector for Frozen Pipes
When selecting a smart leak detector for frozen pipes, I consider key factors like temperature monitoring accuracy to catch issues early and reliable connectivity to guarantee alerts aren’t missed. I also look at how customizable alerts are, since different homes need tailored warnings, and I prioritize long-lasting power sources to avoid frequent replacements. Finally, installation should be straightforward so I can set it up quickly without hassle.
Temperature Monitoring Accuracy
Accurate temperature monitoring is essential because even small drops can signal an impending freeze that threatens your pipes. I look for detectors that measure temperature with at least ±0.5°F (±0.3°C) precision, ensuring early alerts before temperatures reach dangerous levels. Fast response times are vital; they let me know immediately if there’s a sudden drop, enabling quick action. Continuous monitoring helps me spot gradual decreases, so I can proactively prevent freezing. Combining temperature data with leak detection creates a thorough system that safeguards against both freezing and water damage. When choosing a smart leak detector, I prioritize those with reliable, precise temperature sensors because early detection is my best defense against frozen pipe disasters.
Connectivity Range and Reliability
Choosing a smart leak detector with a strong connectivity range guarantees I stay informed even in large or hard-to-reach areas. A longer range ensures the device can monitor distant spots, which is critical when access is limited during freezing conditions. Technologies like LoRa or Sub-1G offer stable communication over hundreds or thousands of feet, reducing the chance of missed alerts. Reliable wireless connectivity minimizes false alarms and guarantees prompt notifications when a leak or freeze occurs. Since signals can be affected by walls, metal objects, or environmental interference, selecting a detector with proven long-range capability is essential. A robust system maintains continuous monitoring even during power outages or network disruptions, helping prevent extensive damage from frozen pipes.
Alert Customization Options
Selecting a smart leak detector with customizable alert options guarantees I stay informed in ways that suit my specific needs. I can adjust alert volumes from silent to 105 dB, ensuring I’m notified appropriately whether I’m nearby or away. The ability to choose multiple alert methods—push notifications, SMS, email, or audible alarms—means I won’t miss critical alerts. Some systems let me silence alarms instantly via the app or remote notifications, providing quick control when needed. Adjustable alert schedules and sensitivity levels help me tailor detection to my routine and high-risk areas. Additionally, I can add multiple contact details, ensuring that family members or property managers receive timely updates. These options give me peace of mind and better control over leak alerts.
Power Source Longevity
Ensuring my leak detector has a reliable power source is essential, especially during cold weather when pipes are most at risk. A long-lasting power supply guarantees continuous monitoring, reducing the chance of undetected leaks that could cause major damage. Devices with batteries that last at least 3-5 years help minimize maintenance and prevent false alarms caused by power failures. Rechargeable or replaceable batteries offer flexibility, making it easier to keep the device powered in remote or hard-to-reach areas. Low energy consumption extends battery life, reducing the frequency of replacements or recharges. Some detectors also utilize external power adapters or solar panels, providing a consistent power supply even in freezing conditions. Prioritizing power source longevity guarantees peace of mind during the coldest months.
Installation Simplicity
When installing a smart leak detector near frozen pipes, simplicity is key to saving time and avoiding frustration. I recommend choosing a device with an easy mounting system, like adhesive or surface-mount options, so you won’t need special tools. Wireless models are ideal because they eliminate complex wiring, making setup in tight or hard-to-reach spaces much easier. Look for detectors with clear instructions or visual guides to guarantee correct placement quickly. Adjustable or flexible sensors are also helpful—they can fit various pipe sizes and configurations. Finally, prioritize detectors with low power requirements and long-lasting batteries. This way, you can place them easily without worrying about electrical wiring or frequent maintenance, ensuring continuous protection during cold snaps.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do Smart Leak Detectors Differentiate Between Normal and Frozen Pipe Conditions?
Smart leak detectors differentiate between normal and frozen pipe conditions by monitoring changes in temperature, humidity, and water flow. When they detect a sudden drop in temperature or unusual moisture levels, they alert me immediately. Some models also learn my home’s typical patterns, so they can identify anomalies more accurately. This proactive approach helps me prevent pipe bursts and water damage, giving me peace of mind during cold weather.
What Is the Typical Response Time of These Detectors During a Frozen Pipe Event?
While some smart leak detectors respond within seconds, during a frozen pipe event, most typically trigger alerts within 1 to 5 minutes. I find this response time vital for preventing extensive water damage. The quicker the detector senses abnormal moisture or temperature drops, the faster I can act. This swift reaction helps me minimize damage and address frozen pipes before they cause costly disasters.
Can Smart Leak Detectors Be Integrated With Existing Home Automation Systems?
Yes, smart leak detectors can often be integrated with existing home automation systems. I’ve found that many models are compatible with platforms like Alexa, Google Home, or Apple HomeKit, allowing me to receive alerts and control devices seamlessly. Integration makes it easier to automate responses, like shutting off water or alerting me immediately. Just make sure to verify the compatibility specs before purchasing to guarantee it works smoothly with your current setup.
Are There Specific Features to Monitor Pipe Temperatures in Addition to Leaks?
Yes, I look for leak detectors with built-in temperature sensors to monitor pipe temperatures directly. These features help me keep an eye on potential freezing risks before leaks occur. Some models even send alerts if temperatures drop too low, giving me time to act. I find this proactive approach essential in preventing pipe bursts, especially during cold weather, and it provides extra peace of mind in my home.
How Reliable Are Alerts During Power Outages or Wi-Fi Disruptions?
Alerts may not be reliable during power outages or Wi-Fi disruptions unless the detector has a backup power source or cellular connectivity. I always choose devices with battery backups or LTE options to guarantee consistent alerts. It’s essential to test your system regularly and have a manual check or alternative monitoring method. That way, you’re better protected against unexpected failures and can act swiftly if a leak or freeze occurs.
Conclusion
Finding the right smart leak detector can truly be a game-changer in preventing frozen pipe disasters. With so many options, it’s important to pick one that fits your needs and gives you peace of mind. Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure—so don’t wait until it’s too late. Investing in a reliable detector now can save you from costly repairs and headaches down the road.
