When selecting a whole house water softener with iron filter, the key considerations are how effectively it handles iron, scale, and other mineral buildup, along with ease of maintenance. The IRON Pro 2 stands out as the overall best, thanks to its robust 48,000-grain capacity and reliable Fleck 5600SXT valve. For those on a budget, the Whole House Water Filter System, 3-Stage Iron & Manganese Removal offers solid performance at a lower price point. However, many options involve tradeoffs between capacity, complexity, and upfront costs. Continue reading for a detailed review of these systems to find the best fit for your home’s water needs.
Get furniture and decor delivered free with Prime
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
- Member-only deals all year
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- Higher grain capacities reduce the frequency of regeneration, ideal for large households or well water sources.
- Combination systems that include both water softening and iron removal tend to cost more but simplify setup and maintenance.
- Digital control valves improve ease of use and precision but may have higher upfront costs compared to mechanical models.
- Flow rate capacity is critical for maintaining water pressure during simultaneous use across multiple fixtures.
- Maintenance requirements vary widely; models with larger resin tanks or more advanced controls tend to require less frequent upkeep.
| IRON Pro 2 Combination Water Softener and Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve (48,000 Grains, Blue) | ![]() | Best Overall for Comprehensive Iron and Hardness Removal | Grain Capacity: 48,000 grains | Flow Rate: 14 GPM | Control Valve: Fleck 5600SXT digital metered | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Whole House Water Filter System, 3-Stage Iron & Manganese Removal | ![]() | Best Value for Cost-Effective Water Improvement | Flow Rate: 15 GPM | Filter Life: 6 months | Capacity: 10,000 gallons | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| iSpring WCFM500K Whole House Water Filtration System for Iron, Manganese & Hydrogen Sulfide Removal | ![]() | Best Long-Lasting, Chemical-Free Iron and Manganese Filter | Iron Removal: up to 12 ppm | Hydrogen Sulfide Removal: up to 20 ppm | Filtration Size: 3 microns | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| PRO+AQUA Elite 5-Stage Whole House Water Softener and Filter Bundle System for Well Water | ![]() | Best for Well Water with Heavy Contaminants | Number of stages: 5 | Intended water source: Well water | Suitable for: 3-4 bathrooms | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| iSpring WCFM400K Whole House Iron and Manganese Water Filter System with Digital Control | ![]() | Best Maintenance-Free, Chemical-Free Iron & Manganese Filter | Type: Whole house water filter | Media Regeneration: Air-based, chemical-free | Control: Digital auto-flush | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Aquasure Harmony Series Whole House Water Softener with Digital Meter Control and Fine Mesh Resin (64,000 Grains) | ![]() | Best Overall for Balanced Performance and Durability | Capacity: 64,000 grains | Resin Type: Fine Mesh Resin | Flow Rate: 20 gpm | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Fleck 5600 SXT 48K Water Softener/Iron Filter, 3/4″ Bypass, Black | ![]() | Best for DIY Installers and Moderate Iron Levels | Capacity: 48,000 grains | Flow Rate: 14 gpm | Maximum Water TDS Level: 8 PPM | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combination Water Softener and Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve, 64,000 Grain Capacity | ![]() | Best All-in-One System for Comprehensive Treatment | Grain Capacity: 64,000 grains | Valve: Fleck 5600SXT digital metered | Flow Rate: High | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combination Water Softener Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve, 64,000 Grain, High Flow for Whole House | ![]() | Best High-Flow All-in-One for Versatile Water Treatment | Grain Capacity: 48,000 grains | Valve Model: Fleck 5600SXT | Iron Removal Range: 4-7 ppm | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AFW Filters IRON Pro 2 Combination Water Softener & Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Valve | ![]() | Best All-in-One Solution for Moderate Iron and Hardness | Grain Capacity: 64,000 grains | Iron Removal Range: 4-7 ppm | Manganese Removal: up to 6 ppm | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| whole house water softener with iron filter | Flow Rate |
|---|---|
| IRON Pro 2 Combination Water S | 14 GPM |
| Whole House Water Filter Syste | 15 GPM |
| iSpring WCFM500K Whole House W | — |
| PRO+AQUA Elite 5-Stage Whole H | — |
| iSpring WCFM400K Whole House I | — |
| Aquasure Harmony Series Whole | 20 gpm |
| Fleck 5600 SXT 48K Water Softe | 14 gpm |
| AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combinat | High |
| AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combinat | High |
| AFW Filters IRON Pro 2 Combina | — |
More Details on Our Top Picks
IRON Pro 2 Combination Water Softener and Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve (48,000 Grains, Blue)
This all-in-one system stands out for its ability to handle both high mineral content and iron levels efficiently. Compared to the iSpring WCFM500K, it offers a higher grain capacity and a digital metered control that conserves water by regenerating only when needed. Its high flow rate makes it suitable for whole-house use, and its durable, USA-made tank ensures longevity. However, installation may challenge homeowners unfamiliar with plumbing, and its larger size could be a limitation in tighter spaces. The system’s ability to remove manganese and sediment adds versatility, but the initial setup requires careful programming. This pick makes the most sense for households with significant iron and hardness issues that need a reliable, all-in-one solution.
Pros:- Effective removal of hardness, iron, and manganese
- Meter-based regeneration conserves water and reduces waste
- High flow rate supports whole-house performance
- Includes DIY installation instructions and tech support
Cons:- Installation may be complex for DIY novices
- Large tank size may not fit in compact spaces
Best for: Homeowners with high iron, manganese, and hard water who want a robust, integrated system
Not ideal for: Renters or those with limited space who need a smaller, simpler unit
- Grain Capacity:48,000 grains
- Flow Rate:14 GPM
- Control Valve:Fleck 5600SXT digital metered
- Tank Size:18×33 inches
- Iron Removal Range:4-7 ppm
- Manganese Removal:Up to 6 ppm
Our verdict“This system is best suited for households dealing with heavy iron and mineral content, requiring a reliable all-in-one solution.”
Whole House Water Filter System, 3-Stage Iron & Manganese Removal
Compared with systems like the Iron Pro 2, this 3-stage filter focuses on improving water taste, clarity, and removing rust and sediment at a lower price point. It’s easy to install and offers visual filter monitoring, which simplifies maintenance. Its capacity of 10,000 gallons is suitable for smaller households or moderate use, but it doesn’t target mineral hardness or heavy iron like the IRON Pro 2. The filter needs replacement every six months, adding ongoing costs, and it doesn’t reduce TDS, so it doesn’t soften water or remove dissolved solids. Its lightweight design is ideal for those with limited space, but it’s best for improving aesthetic water quality rather than tackling severe mineral issues. This pick makes sense for buyers seeking straightforward, affordable filtration for well or city water without heavy mineral or iron burdens.
Pros:- Effectively removes sediment, rust, chlorine, and odors
- Easy installation with visual filter monitoring
- Includes multiple replacement filters for up to 2 years
Cons:- Does not reduce TDS or soften water
- Requires filter replacement every 6 months
Best for: Homeowners wanting to improve water taste and clarity on a budget
Not ideal for: Households with high mineral or iron levels needing comprehensive softening and filtering
- Flow Rate:15 GPM
- Filter Life:6 months
- Capacity:10,000 gallons
- Dimensions:13″L x 13″W x 10″H
- Supported Water TDS Level:Maximum 1000 PPM
- Installation Type:Under Sink
Our verdict“Ideal for households seeking a low-cost upgrade to improve water clarity and taste without heavy mineral removal.”
iSpring WCFM500K Whole House Water Filtration System for Iron, Manganese & Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
This system excels in removing iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide, with a lifespan of up to 10 years, surpassing many conventional filters like the IRON Pro 2. Its air-based media regeneration eliminates the need for chemicals, reducing ongoing maintenance costs. The digital control panel makes auto-flush settings straightforward, but the system’s inability to reduce TDS limits its usefulness for households requiring water softening. Setup can be complex, especially for those unfamiliar with auto-flush mechanisms, but once operational, it offers a maintenance-free experience. This makes it a strong choice for well water with high iron or sulfur content, particularly for those valuing longevity and chemical-free operation. This pick is best for users prioritizing long-term, chemical-free iron and manganese removal.
Pros:- Effective removal of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide
- Up to 10-year lifespan reduces replacement costs
- No chemicals needed for media regeneration
- Easy digital control for auto-flush settings
Cons:- Does not reduce TDS or soften water
- Setup may be complex for some users
Best for: Well water users needing durable, chemical-free removal of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide
Not ideal for: Homes requiring softening, TDS reduction, or with city water supply
- Iron Removal:up to 12 ppm
- Hydrogen Sulfide Removal:up to 20 ppm
- Filtration Size:3 microns
- Lifespan:up to 10 years
- Media Regeneration:air-based, no chemicals
Our verdict“This system offers a durable, chemical-free solution for long-term iron and sulfur removal in well water scenarios.”
PRO+AQUA Elite 5-Stage Whole House Water Softener and Filter Bundle System for Well Water
This 5-stage system is designed specifically for well water, combining softening, iron, sulfur, and sediment removal in a durable package. Compared to simpler systems like the WCFM500K, it offers multiple stages for comprehensive treatment, making it suitable for homes with high heavy metal and sulfur content. The use of commercial-grade materials provides long-lasting performance, but the system’s complexity and size can be a drawback for smaller spaces or less experienced DIYers. Its automatic regeneration simplifies maintenance, but the higher initial investment reflects its advanced features. If your water has significant contaminants and you need a robust, multi-stage solution, this system delivers.
Pros:- Removes heavy metals, iron, sulfur, and sediment effectively
- Durable, commercial-grade construction
- Automatic regeneration for hassle-free maintenance
Cons:- Higher initial cost
- Requires ample space for installation and servicing
Best for: Homes with well water containing heavy metals, sulfur, and sediment needing a comprehensive treatment system
Not ideal for: City water users or those with limited space and budget constraints
- Number of stages:5
- Intended water source:Well water
- Suitable for:3-4 bathrooms
- Features:Automatic regeneration
- Warranty:1 and 5 years
Our verdict“This system is best for well water sources with heavy contaminants requiring a multi-stage, durable solution.”
iSpring WCFM400K Whole House Iron and Manganese Water Filter System with Digital Control
Compared with the IRON Pro 2, the WCFM400K offers a chemical-free, air-based media regeneration process that requires no ongoing chemical handling. Its digital control valve with auto-flush simplifies operation, making it ideal for those seeking low-maintenance iron and manganese removal. However, it does not remove hydrogen sulfide or TDS, so it falls short for households with sulfur issues or needing softening. Installation requires careful setup to ensure proper auto-flush intervals, but once running, it provides a maintenance-free experience. It’s a smart choice for well or city water where iron and manganese are primary concerns, and chemical-free operation matters most.
Pros:- Chemical-free, air-based media regeneration
- Maintenance-free after setup
- Customizable auto-flush intervals
- Suitable for well or city water
Cons:- Does not remove hydrogen sulfide
- Cannot reduce TDS
Best for: Homeowners needing chemical-free, low-maintenance removal of iron and manganese
Not ideal for: Homes requiring sulfur removal or significant TDS reduction
- Type:Whole house water filter
- Media Regeneration:Air-based, chemical-free
- Control:Digital auto-flush
- Certifications:NSF/ANSI Standard 61
- Removes:Iron, manganese, solids, turbidity
- Does Not Remove:Hydrogen sulfide, TDS
Our verdict“This system provides a low-maintenance, chemical-free solution for iron and manganese removal in diverse water supplies.”
Aquasure Harmony Series Whole House Water Softener with Digital Meter Control and Fine Mesh Resin (64,000 Grains)
The Aquasure Harmony Series stands out for its ability to effectively reduce hardness, iron, and scale buildup, making it suitable for homes dealing with moderate to high iron levels. Its digital metered control optimizes regeneration cycles, conserving salt and water, which can lead to cost savings over time. Compared to the Fleck 5600 SXT models, it provides more advanced control features, but comes with a higher initial price and potentially more complex installation. Its durable fiberglass-lined polyethylene tank enhances longevity, especially in corrosive environments. However, the size and setup complexity may require professional installation, and regular resin maintenance is necessary to sustain performance. This pick makes the most sense for households with moderate to high iron levels seeking a long-term, low-maintenance solution.Pros:- Effective at reducing hard minerals, iron, and scale buildup
- Digital metered control for efficient, on-demand regeneration
- Corrosion-resistant, durable construction
- Includes a 5-year manufacturer warranty
Cons:- Installation may require professional help due to size and complexity
- Higher initial cost compared to basic models
- Requires regular resin and control system maintenance
Best for: Homeowners needing reliable iron removal and hardness treatment with minimal ongoing fuss
Not ideal for: Small households or renters looking for a budget-friendly, portable option
- Capacity:64,000 grains
- Resin Type:Fine Mesh Resin
- Flow Rate:20 gpm
- Tank Dimensions:12″L x 12″W x 60″H
- Material:Fiberglass lined polyethylene
- Maximum Iron Removal:10 ppm
Our verdict“Ideal for households that prioritize durability, efficiency, and effective iron treatment in a permanent setup.”
Fleck 5600 SXT 48K Water Softener/Iron Filter, 3/4″ Bypass, Black
The Fleck 5600 SXT is a reliable choice for homes with 2-5 residents, especially those who value straightforward DIY installation. Its digital metered valve ensures efficient regeneration, helping to conserve water and salt, similar to the Iron Pro 2 but with a simpler design. While it provides excellent iron removal and softening, its size at 62 inches tall and 25 inches long can be challenging to fit in tight spaces. It requires electricity for operation, which could be a concern for off-grid locations. Compared to the Iron Pro 2, it lacks the all-in-one feature but tends to be more accessible for homeowners comfortable with basic setup. It’s suited for those seeking dependable performance without overly complex features.Pros:- Effective iron removal and water conditioning
- Digital metered valve for efficient regeneration
- Made in the US with clear DIY instructions
- Includes bypass valve for easy maintenance
Cons:- Large size may require significant installation space
- Requires electricity, which may not be ideal for all locations
- No advanced resin or control options
Best for: DIY-savvy homeowners with moderate iron issues and limited space for installation
Not ideal for: Large households or those with very high iron levels needing more capacity
- Capacity:48,000 grains
- Flow Rate:14 gpm
- Maximum Water TDS Level:8 PPM
- Item Dimensions:25″L x 15″W x 62″H
- Material:Ion Exchange Resins, Filtration Media
- Warranty:5 years
Our verdict“A solid choice for homeowners seeking a straightforward, effective iron and softening system that’s DIY-friendly.”
AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combination Water Softener and Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve, 64,000 Grain Capacity
The Iron Pro 2 offers a complete solution for homes dealing with both hard water and high iron content, making it ideal for larger households or those with multiple water issues. Its high capacity of 64,000 grains ensures long-lasting softening and iron removal, outperforming smaller systems like the Fleck 5600 SXT 48K. The digital Fleck 5600SXT valve guarantees efficient operation, and its ability to remove manganese and rust adds versatility. Compared to single-function softeners, this model provides a more comprehensive treatment, but it may require professional installation due to its size and complexity. The higher upfront cost is offset by its all-in-one design, reducing the need for multiple systems.Pros:- Combines softening and iron removal in one unit
- High flow rate suitable for whole house
- Digital metered valve for efficient operation
- Removes multiple contaminants including manganese and rust
Cons:- May require professional installation
- Higher cost compared to single-function units
- Capacity may need upgrading for very large households
Best for: Families needing robust, all-in-one water treatment with high capacity
Not ideal for: Small households or renters who prefer portable, less complex setups
- Grain Capacity:64,000 grains
- Valve:Fleck 5600SXT digital metered
- Flow Rate:High
- Removes:Hardness, iron up to 6 ppm, manganese up to 6 ppm, rust
- Warranty:5 years
Our verdict“Designed for larger households requiring a comprehensive, durable solution for hard water and iron issues.”
AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Combination Water Softener Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Digital Valve, 64,000 Grain, High Flow for Whole House
The Iron Pro 2 with 64,000 grains capacity delivers a high flow rate, making it suitable for larger households or properties with significant water demands. Its ability to remove iron (up to 6 ppm), manganese, and rust, coupled with a digital Fleck 5600SXT valve, ensures efficient, reliable operation. Unlike some smaller models, this system handles sediment and sand, making it a good choice for well water. Its USA manufacturing and included installation kit add appeal, though its size can be a drawback for tight spaces. Professional installation is recommended for optimal setup, and ongoing maintenance of the resin is necessary to keep performance high.Pros:- High capacity and high flow rate for whole house use
- Effective against iron, manganese, rust, and sediment
- Digital metered valve for optimized operation
- Made in the USA with included installation kit
Cons:- Requires professional installation
- Resin lifespan details are limited
- Initial cost is relatively high
Best for: Large households or properties with high water volume and multiple impurities
Not ideal for: Small homes or those seeking a budget-friendly, simple softener
- Grain Capacity:48,000 grains
- Valve Model:Fleck 5600SXT
- Iron Removal Range:4-7 ppm
- Manganese Removal:up to 6 ppm
- Flow Rate:High
Our verdict“Best suited for large, demanding homes needing durable, high-capacity treatment for iron and sediment.”
AFW Filters IRON Pro 2 Combination Water Softener & Iron Filter with Fleck 5600SXT Valve
This all-in-one unit stands out for its ability to effectively combat both hardness and iron in a single system, making it a strong choice for homes with moderate iron levels. Unlike the iSpring WCFM500K, which focuses primarily on iron and manganese, this model offers a higher grain capacity and includes a comprehensive installation kit, simplifying setup for experienced DIYers or professionals. Its Fleck 5600SXT digital valve ensures precise metering and efficient regeneration, reducing ongoing operational costs. However, its size and complexity may pose challenges for smaller spaces or less technically inclined users, and the lack of detailed maintenance guidance could lead to confusion over upkeep. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for households needing reliable iron and hardness removal with moderate flow requirements, willing to invest in a durable, all-in-one system.
Pros:- Highly effective at removing iron, manganese, and hardness simultaneously
- High flow rate suitable for whole house use
- Includes a complete installation kit with sanitizer and lubricants
Cons:- May require professional installation due to system complexity
- Limited information on maintenance frequency could cause uncertainty
- Size may be cumbersome for tight spaces
Best for: Homeowners with moderate iron levels and high water demand who want a reliable, ready-to-install solution
Not ideal for: Small homes or apartments with limited space, or users seeking a simple, low-maintenance system
- Grain Capacity:64,000 grains
- Iron Removal Range:4-7 ppm
- Manganese Removal:up to 6 ppm
- Hardness Removal:up to 70 gpg
- Includes:Brine tank, bypass valve, install kit
- Valve:Fleck 5600SXT digital metered
Our verdict“This system suits households that need a robust, all-in-one solution for moderate iron and hardness, especially when space and technical skill are available.”

How We Picked
These products were evaluated based on their capacity to remove iron and soften water, ease of installation and operation, durability, and overall value. Preference was given to models with proven performance, reliable control valves, and user-friendly features. We also considered capacity relative to typical household needs, ensuring that larger families or well water users find suitable options. The ranking reflects a balance between high performance and affordability, highlighting products that excel in both areas without overcomplicating installation or maintenance.Factors to Consider When Choosing Whole House Water Softener With Iron Filter
Choosing the right whole house water softener with iron filter involves understanding several key factors. Beyond initial costs, consider how much water your household uses, the level of iron in your water, and the system’s capacity and control features. Proper sizing and capacity ensure you won’t need frequent regeneration, saving time and money. Maintenance ease and build quality also impact long-term satisfaction, so it’s worth investing in a system with durable components and clear controls. Here are some specific factors to guide your decision:Capacity and Grain Rating
The grain rating indicates how much hardness and iron the system can handle before regeneration is needed. Larger families or homes with high iron content benefit from higher capacities—typically 48,000 grains or more—to reduce maintenance frequency. Oversized units may be unnecessary and more costly, but undersized models will require more frequent regeneration, which can wear out components faster and increase operating costs.
Iron Removal Efficiency
Not all systems handle iron equally. Systems specifically designed for iron removal will have features like specialized media or multi-stage filtration. Consider your water’s iron levels—if high, look for models with proven iron removal capabilities, such as those with manganese greensand or catalytic media. Poor iron removal can lead to staining, odors, and damage to plumbing over time.
Control Valves and User Interface
Digital control valves offer precise regeneration cycles and ease of programming, making them more user-friendly and efficient. Mechanical valves are simpler and usually less expensive but may lack flexibility. Think about whether you prefer automatic operation or manual control, especially if your water usage varies. Reliable valves also extend the lifespan of the system by ensuring proper regeneration timing.
Flow Rate and Plumbing Compatibility
Ensure the system’s flow rate matches your household’s demand to prevent pressure drops during peak usage. Most systems specify flow rates in gallons per minute (GPM); choose one that can handle simultaneous fixtures—particularly important for larger homes. Compatibility with existing plumbing and ease of installation are also worth considering to avoid costly modifications.
Maintenance and Durability
Look for systems with clear access for resin replacement and regeneration salt refills. Durability depends on build quality, with stainless steel or high-grade plastic components lasting longer. Some models require more frequent salt or media replacement, affecting ongoing costs. Choosing a system with straightforward maintenance procedures can save time and prevent costly repairs down the line.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often will I need to regenerate my water softener?
The frequency of regeneration depends on your household water usage, iron levels, and the grain capacity of your system. Most systems are designed to regenerate automatically based on a preset schedule or water usage, typically every few days to once a week. Regularly checking system alerts and maintenance schedules helps maintain optimal performance and prolongs system lifespan.
Can I install a whole house water softener myself?
Installation can often be a DIY project if you have plumbing experience, but many homeowners opt for professional installation to ensure correct setup and compliance with local codes. Proper installation is critical to avoid leaks, ensure correct flow rates, and maximize system lifespan. Manufacturers usually provide detailed instructions, but complex setups or high water demands may justify hiring an expert.
Will a water softener remove all types of contaminants?
While a good water softener with iron removal features can handle hardness and iron effectively, it does not remove all contaminants like bacteria, pesticides, or volatile organic compounds. For comprehensive filtration, consider systems that combine softening with additional filtration stages. If your water source has specific issues, select a system designed to address those particular contaminants.
What is the typical lifespan of a water softener system?
Most well-built systems last between 10 to 20 years with proper maintenance. Key components like the control valve and resin bed tend to be the most vulnerable to wear and tear. Regular salt refills, resin regeneration, and system inspections can extend the lifespan. Investing in a high-quality model initially can save money over the long term by reducing replacement frequency.
Are salt-based water softeners safe for all household members?
Salt-based softeners add sodium to your water, which may be a concern for individuals on low-sodium diets or with health issues. Alternatives like salt-free conditioners exist but may not soften water as effectively or remove iron. If sodium intake is a concern, consider systems that use potassium chloride or other non-salt options, and consult with a water treatment professional for personalized advice.
Conclusion
For most families seeking a reliable, all-around performer, the IRON Pro 2 stands out as the best overall choice, offering a balanced mix of capacity, iron removal, and ease of use. Budget-conscious buyers or those with moderate water issues might find the Whole House Water Filter System, 3-Stage Iron & Manganese Removal provides solid value without sacrificing essential features. For those with high water demands or severe iron problems, investing in a high-capacity, premium model like the Aquasure Harmony Series ensures long-term performance and fewer maintenance concerns. Beginners or homeowners with simple needs should focus on models with straightforward controls and installation. Ultimately, selecting the right system depends on your specific water quality, household size, and budget—use this guide to match your needs with the best system for your home.
Fall Picks
fall essentials
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.













